The Carboniferous Period of the Paleozoic is so named for massive, widespread coal deposits. A widely accepted explanation for this peak in coal production is a temporal lag between the evolution of abundant lignin production in woody plants and the subsequent evolution of lignin-degrading Agaricomycetes fungi, resulting in a period …Jan 12, 2021 · Did any Paleozoic era animal life survive? By the end of the Paleozoic era evolution had caused complex land and marine animals to exist. … However, the event that marked the end of the Paleozoic period was the massive extinction that wiped out nearly 96% of all marine life and 70% of land animals. the first three eons of earths history. 4 billion years between the first and last eon. 15. Multiple-choice. 30 seconds. 1 pt. The division of geologic time that makes up about 88% of Earth’s history is called. The paleozoic era. the cambrian period.Carboniferous Period. In terms of absolute time, the Carboniferous Period began approximately 358.9 million years ago and ended 298.9 million years ago. Its duration of approximately 60 million years makes it the longest period of the Paleozoic Era and the second longest period of the Phanerozoic Eon.By the end of the Paleozoic, cycads, glossopterids, primitive conifers, and ferns were spreading across the landscape. The Permian extinction, 244 million years ago, devastated the marine biota: tabulate and rugose corals, blastoid echinoderms, graptolites, and most crinoids died out, as did the last of the trilobites.Mesozoic Era, second of Earth’s three major geologic eras of Phanerozoic time. Its name is derived from the Greek term for “middle life.” The Mesozoic Era began 252.2 million years ago, following the conclusion of the Paleozoic Era, and ended 66 million years ago, at the dawn of the Cenozoic Era.Feb 22, 2022 · The Paleozoic Era was a time of ... by global warming that left ocean animals unable to breathe and caused 96 percent of those marine species to die by the end of the Period. Mesozoic Era. Paleozoic Era. The Paleozoic Era is literally the era of “old life.” It lasted from 544 to 245 million years ago and is divided into six periods. Major events in each period of the Paleozoic Era are listed in the figure below. The era began with a spectacular burst of new life, called the Cambrian explosion. The era ended with the biggest ... By the end of the Paleozoic era—almost 300 mya after the Cambrian explosion ... did not flourish until the Cenozoic era that began 66 mya. During the ...Mesozoic. Mesozoic (252-66 million years ago) means 'middle life' and this is the time of the dinosaurs. This era includes the Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous Periods, names that may be familiar to you. It ended with a massive meteorite impact that caused a mass extinction, wiping out the dinosaurs and up to 80% of life on Earth. The term ‘Paleozoic’ has been derived from Greek words: palaiosmeaning ‘ancient’ and zoe meaning ‘life’. This era spans around 200 million years from about 542 to 252 M.A. (million years ago), and is the largest one in terms of time-span. It’s the first era of the Phanerozoic Eon, marking the beginning of life on our planet.It a sign that the era of powerful trade associations is drawing to a close as people get more access to companies through social media. One of America’s most powerful food lobbying groups has been neutered, largely abandoned by its own ind...Apr 14, 2022 · What was the name of the last period of the Paleozoic Era and how did it end? The last period of the Paleozoic was the Permian Period, which began 298.9 million years ago and wrapped up 251.9 million years ago. This period would end with the largest mass extinction ever: the Permian extinction. The Paleozoic Era is divided into the Cambrian, Ordovician, Silurian, Devonian, and Carboniferous periods, each with characteristic groups of fossils. The Cambrian Period saw the explosion of new kinds of invertebrate animals in the oceans, including trilobites ( Figure 2 ), primitive kinds of shellfish, including brachiopods and molluscs, and other groups of …What was the name of the last period of the Paleozoic Era and how did it end? The last period of the Paleozoic was the Permian Period, which began 298.9 million years ago and wrapped up 251.9 million years ago. This period would end with the largest mass extinction ever: the Permian extinction.Phanerozoic eon means the eon comprising the Paleozoic, Mesozoic, and Cenozoic eras. The phanerozoic eon is the present geological eon in the geological time scale and the era during which abundant plant and animal life have existed. The phanerozoic period covered 541 million years to the present. The phanerozoic era …This site explains the events during the Paleozoic era that led up to the formation of the Pangaea supercontinent in the Mesozoic era. The existence in the Paleozoic era of the supercontinent Gondwanaland, the continents Laurentia and Baltica, and smaller continental masses are explained as well as the later collisions which …The end of the Paleozoic era is marked by the largest mass extinction in earth history. The Paleozoic era had two smaller mass extinctions, but these were not as large as the Permian Mass Extinction, also known as the Permian-Triassic Extinction Event. It is estimated that up to 96% of marine species and 70% of land-dwelling (terrestrial ...By the end of the Mesozoic Era, the Appalachian Mountains had been eroded to an almost flat plain. It was not until the region was uplifted during the Cenozoic Era that the distinctive topography of the present formed. Uplift rejuvenated the streams, which rapidly responded by cutting downward into the ancient bedrock.The Paleozoic era begins with the Cambrian radiation, a time of great growth ... The Mesozoic ended with a major extinction at the close of the Cretaceous Period.Sep 25, 2023 · Phanerozoic Eon, the span of geologic time extending about 541 million years from the end of the Proterozoic Eon (which began about 2.5 billion years ago) to the present. The Phanerozoic, the eon of visible life, is divided into three major spans of time largely on the basis of characteristic. The Paleozoic Era of the Phanerozoic Eon: 542 to 251 million years ago ... The earth rotated faster than it does today so days were shorter, and the nearer moon ...The Paleozoic Era is divided into the Cambrian, Ordovician, Silurian, Devonian, and Carboniferous periods, each with characteristic groups of fossils. The Cambrian Period saw the explosion of new kinds of invertebrate animals in the oceans, including trilobites ( Figure 2 ), primitive kinds of shellfish, including brachiopods and molluscs, and other groups of …Phanerozoic eon means the eon comprising the Paleozoic, Mesozoic, and Cenozoic eras. The phanerozoic eon is the present geological eon in the geological time scale and the era during which abundant plant and animal life have existed. The phanerozoic period covered 541 million years to the present. The phanerozoic era …It was also a time when flora such as trees began to evolve. 4 million years before the end of this period, the Second Mass Extinction hit the world. This ...Jul 5, 2023 · Introduction. During the Paleozoic Era (541 to 251.9 million years ago), fish diversified and marine organisms were very abundant. In North America, the Paleozoic is characterized by multiple advances and retreats of shallow seas and repeated continental collisions that formed the Appalachian Mountains. The original name for the Mesozoic era as assigned by Giovanni Arduino, who divided time into eras in the eighteenth century, was not Mesozoic but "Secondary" (with the Paleozoic era labeled "Primitive" and the modern era the "Tertiary"). The prior Paleozoic was the era when most of the basic animal body plans came into existence. Following the ...It a sign that the era of powerful trade associations is drawing to a close as people get more access to companies through social media. One of America’s most powerful food lobbying groups has been neutered, largely abandoned by its own ind...The end of the Paleozoic Era coincides with the end of the Permian Period ... Which percent of Earth's history does the Paleozoic represent? Hint: Earth ...Some Devonian trees are known to have grown 100 feet (30 meters) tall. By the end of the period the first ferns, horsetails, and seed plants had also appeared. The new life burgeoning on land ...The Great Permian Extinction marks the end of the Paleozoic and the start of the Mesozoic. Trilobites are one of the few major groups of organisms that span the majority of the Paleozoic Era. ... The chart below indicates changes in the diversity of the Trilobita over the periods of the Paleozoic Era, based on a figure (p 269) in the Treatise ...The largest mass extinction in Earth's history occurred at the end of the Paleozoic era. Fossil evidence indicates that 95% of marine life forms, and 70% of life on land became extinct. This extinction event is known as the Permian mass extinction.3 The Silurian Period and the invasion of the land. 4 Life in the Silurian sea. 4.1 Trilobites. 4.1.1 More on trilobites. 4.2 Crinoids. 4.3 Corals. ... reveals a variety of patterns in fish …The Ordovician ( / ɔːrdəˈvɪʃi.ən, - doʊ -, - ˈvɪʃən / or-də-VISH-ee-ən, -doh-, -VISH-ən) [9] is a geologic period and system, the second of six periods of the Paleozoic Era. The Ordovician spans 41.6 million years from the end of the Cambrian Period 485.4 million years ago (Mya) to the start of the Silurian Period 443.8 Mya ... The Paleozoic (meaning "old animals") era spans roughly from 542 mya to 251 mya (ICS 2004) and is subdivided into six geologic periods (from oldest to youngest): Cambrian, Ordovician, Silurian, Devonian, Carboniferous, and Permian.. The start of the Paleozoic era, between roughly 542 mya and 530 mya, is a time when a large number of body …During the 50 million year span of the Devonian period, all the major types of fish are present in the fossil record: ostracoderms, placoderms, cartilaginous fish, and bony fish. Placoderms Placoderm fish flourished in the middle to late Paleozoic but do not have any living ancestors today; by the end of the Devonian period they were extinct.Heather Scoville. Updated on May 23, 2019. The Paleozoic Era begins after the Pre-Cambrian about 297 million years ago and ends with the start of the Mesozoic period about 250 million years ago.The Paleozoic era was characterized by fluctuations in temperature and in the chemical ... the Silurian to the end of the Paleozoic, the spread of nautiloid ...It received international sanction in 1960, when it was adopted as an official period of the Paleozoic Era by the International Geological Congress.Life continued to flourish during the Ordovician as it did in the Cambrian, although the end of the period was marked by a significant mass extinction.Laurasia and Gondwanaland. The Climate in this Era was different from the Paleozoic Era. The Climate in the Mesozoic Era was a lot _______. Hotter. There were no ice caps, even at the poles. With no glaciers, the oceans had more water. Some of this water flowed onto the continents as Pangaea split apart. This created narrow channels that grew ...The Permian period, which ended in the largest mass extinction the Earth has ever known, ... The period, and the Paleozoic era, came to a calamitous close 251 million years ago, marking a ...It is the longest of the Phanerozoic eras, lasting from 538.8 to 251.902, and is subdivided into six geologic periods (from oldest to youngest): The Paleozoic comes after the Neoproterozoic Proterozoic Eon and is followed by the Mesozoic. The Paleozoic was a time of dramatic geological, climatic, and evolutionary change.During the Paleozoic Era (541 to 251.9 million years ago), fish diversified and marine organisms were very abundant. In North America, the Paleozoic is characterized by multiple advances and retreats of shallow seas and repeated continental collisions that formed the Appalachian Mountains. Common Paleozoic fossils include trilobites and ...The Paleozoic Era (544–245 million years ago) started with an explosion of new kinds of organisms. Major evolutionary events during this era included the first appearance of invertebrates, fish, amphibians, and reptiles. Plants also colonized the land, and vascular plants and seed plants evolved. The era ended with the Permian mass …3 The Silurian Period and the invasion of the land. 4 Life in the Silurian sea. 4.1 Trilobites. 4.1.1 More on trilobites. 4.2 Crinoids. 4.3 Corals. ... reveals a variety of patterns in fish …During the Paleozoic Era, the interactions between the continents of Laurentia, Baltica and Gondwana were governed by two major oceans: Iapetus and the Rheic Ocean (Fig. 1).The Iapetus Ocean, which opened in the Late Ediacaran/Early Cambrian, gave rise to the extensive Early Paleozoic passive margin of eastern North …Earth Science chapter 12. 21 terms. bunnyradical. Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like 4.6 billion years, Precambrian, Paleozoic, Mesozoic, Cenozoic, Precambrian Time and more.The Paleozoic Era of the Phanerozoic Eon: 542 to 251 million years ago ... The earth rotated faster than it does today so days were shorter, and the nearer moon ...... Paleozoic Era Cambrian Period. New Phyla Many phyla were ... did not play an important part during the Paleozoic Era. Change is the way of life and the end ...The Precambrian era is a bit of a misnomer, as eras are large periods of time within eons. The Precambrian, however, is an expanse of time encompassing the first three eons of the planet's existence. In some ways, this makes the Precambrian a supereon as some geologists would assert. Regardless of what you may call the Precambrian, it lasted ... The Paleozoic Era lasted between 542 and 251 million years ago. The Paleozoic Era is further subdivided into 7 smaller units of time called periods.During the Paleozoic Era, the Appalachian Mountains of eastern North America began to form. The map shows Earth's continents at about 50 million years ago, after the breakup of the supercontinent Pangaea. Since then, North America has continued to move farther away from Africa and Eurasia.The term ‘Paleozoic’ has been derived from Greek words: palaiosmeaning ‘ancient’ and zoe meaning ‘life’. This era spans around 200 million years from about 542 to 252 M.A. (million years ago), and is the largest one in terms of time-span. It’s the first era of the Phanerozoic Eon, marking the beginning of life on our planet.The Carboniferous Period of the Paleozoic is so named for massive, widespread coal deposits. A widely accepted explanation for this peak in coal production is a temporal lag between the evolution of abundant lignin production in woody plants and the subsequent evolution of lignin-degrading Agaricomycetes fungi, resulting in a period …By the end of the Paleozoic, cycads, glossopterids, primitive conifers, and ferns were spreading across the landscape. The Permian extinction, 244 million years ago, devastated the marine biota: tabulate and rugose corals, blastoid echinoderms, graptolites, and most crinoids died out, as did the last of the trilobites.The end of the Paleozoic era is marked by the largest mass extinction in earth history. The Paleozoic era had two smaller mass extinctions, but these were not as large as the Permian Mass Extinction, also known as the Permian-Triassic Extinction Event. It is estimated that up to 96% of marine species and 70% of land-dwelling (terrestrial ... The Paleozoic Era ended with the largest mass extinction in Earth’s history. Today, extinction of organisms is a process that continues, just not at such an overwhelming rate that it did at the end of the Paleozoic. Since extinction has happened in the past, ...When did flowing plants evolve during the Mesozoic Era? Late Mesozoic Era. 22 ... Who survived the mass extinction at the end of the Mesozoic Era? Mammals and ...Aug 24, 2022 · The Paleozoic Era is a time period in Earth’s history that lasted from 541 to 252 million years ago. It is divided into six periods: the Cambrian, Ordovician, Silurian, Devonian, Carboniferous, and Permian. The Cambrian Period was the first period of the Paleozoic Era. It lasted from 541 to 488 million years ago. The Paleozoic Era is one of the most important geological divisions of our planet's geochronological timescale, as it marks the extensive evolution of life, along with the largest mass extinction. ... At the end of this era, the largest mass extinction ever took place, which wiped out most of the species of plants and animals on Earth. Although ...Aug 10, 2012 · The Ordovician* lasted about 45 million years and saw the transition from very primitive to relatively modern life-forms in the seas. The “Ordovician radiation” which followed the late Cambrian extinctions, lead to a tripling of marine diversity, the greatest increase in the history of life, and giving the highest levels of diversity seen during the Paleozoic Era. This time period took place 359 to 299 million years ago. The Carboniferous period, part of the late Paleozoic era, takes its name from large underground coal deposits that date to it. Formed from ...During the Paleozoic Era (541 to 251.9 million years ago), fish diversified and marine organisms were very abundant. ... The greatest mass extinction in Earth's history ended this era. Paleozoic Resources. The Paleozoic Era is further divided in to seven periods/sub-periods: the Cambrian, the Ordovician, the Silurian, the Devonian, the ...Precambrian, period of time extending from about 4.6 billion years ago (the point at which Earth began to form) to the beginning of the Cambrian Period, 541 million years ago. The Precambrian encompasses the Archean and Proterozoic eons, which are formal geologic intervals that lasted from 4 billion to about 541 million years ago, and the ...Geological Eras Test. Term. 1 / 20. What geological event happened in the Cenozoic era? Click the card to flip 👆. Definition. 1 / 20. Ice sheets cover much of North American continents and take on present shape. Formation of Rocky Mountains is now completed.end of the Paleozoic era (5). Indeed, record- ed percentages of extinction for major taxa decline more-or-less monotonically back- ward from the Tatarian to ...The Devonian (/ d ɪ ˈ v oʊ n i. ən, d ɛ-/ də-VOH-nee-ən, deh-) is a geologic period and system of the Paleozoic era, spanning 60.3 million years from the end of the Silurian, 419.2 million years ago (), to the beginning of the Carboniferous, 358.9 Ma. It is named after Devon, England, where rocks from this period were first studied.. The first significant …The period, and the Paleozoic era, came to a calamitous close 251 million years ago, marking a biological dividing line that few animals crossed. The Permian extinction—the worst extinction ...The Ordovician period came to an end about 440 million years ago. This glaciation caused the Second Great Extinction, greater than the one that occurred in the ...When did the Paleozoic Era begin and end? (Give actual dates from the Geologic time Scale), 2. List the 7 periods of the Paleozoic Era in order, spelled correctly, from oldest to youngest:, 3. Take a journey back through the history of the Earth — jump to a specific time period using the time scale below and examine ancient life, climates, and geography. You might wish to start in the Cenozoic Era (65.5 million years ago to the present) and work back through time, or start with Hadean time (4.6 to 4 billion years ago)* and journey forward to the present …It also marks the end of the Paleozoic Era and the start of the Mesozoic Era. Estimates have suggested that 96% of marine species and 70% percent of land vertebrate species became extinct.Mississippian age fossil crinoid, Mammoth Cave National Park, Kentucky. NPS image. Introduction. Geologists in North America use the terms “Mississippian” and “Pennsylvanian” to describe the time period between 358.9 and 298.9 million years ago. In other parts of the world, geologists use a single term and combine these two periods into …end of the Paleozoic era (5). Indeed, record- ed percentages of extinction for major taxa decline more-or-less monotonically back- ward from the Tatarian to ...Phanerozoic Eon, the span of geologic time extending about 541 million years from the end of the Proterozoic Eon (which began about 2.5 billion years ago) to the present. The Phanerozoic, the eon of visible life, is divided into three major spans of time largely on the basis of characteristic assemblages of life-forms: the Paleozoic (541 …Some Devonian trees are known to have grown 100 feet (30 meters) tall. By the end of the period the first ferns, horsetails, and seed plants had also appeared. The new life burgeoning on land ...The Cambrian is the first period of the Paleozoic Era and ran from 539 million to 485 million years ago. ... Every living thing with a body mass over 10 kilograms became extinct, and the Age of Dinosaurs came to an end. Cenozoic Era. The Cenozoic featured the ...European founders must get used to taking tough decisions to ensure the survival of their startups. As the world moves into economic headwinds and geopolitical uncertainty, European founders must get used to taking tough decisions to ensure...The Cambrian is the first period of the Paleozoic Era and ran from 539 million to 485 million years ago. ... Every living thing with a body mass over 10 kilograms became extinct, and the Age of Dinosaurs came to an end. Cenozoic Era. The Cenozoic featured the ...Intro | Precambrian Eon | Paleozoic Era | Mesozoic Era | Cenozoic Era ... Did you know? The oldest-known fossil chordate comes from the Chengjiang find in ...The Carboniferous Period is famous for its vast swamp forests, such as the one depicted here. Such swamps produced the coal from which the term Carboniferous, or "carbon-bearing," is derived. The Carboniferous Period lasted from about 359.2 to 299 million years ago* during the late Paleozoic Era. The term "Carboniferous" comes from England, in ... The Ordovician ( / ɔːrdəˈvɪʃi.ən, - doʊ -, - ˈvɪʃən / or-də-VISH-ee-ən, -doh-, -VISH-ən) [9] is a geologic period and system, the second of six periods of the Paleozoic Era. The Ordovician spans 41.6 million years from the end of the Cambrian Period 485.4 million years ago (Mya) to the start of the Silurian Period 443.8 Mya ...During this time, trilobites, algae and all forms of marine phyla evolved. This was also the period of time when the supercontinent Pannotia broke up. When did the Paleozoic era start and end? The Paleozoic Era occurred from about 541 million years ago to about 252 million years ago. When was the most rapid evolution of animals?The Paleozoic era culminated 251.9 million years ago in the most severe mass extinction recorded in the geologic record. Known as the "great dying," this event saw the loss of up to 96% of all ...Precambrian Time. Learn more about the period that occurred 4.5 billion to 542 million years ago. Precambrian time covers the vast bulk of the Earth's history, starting with the planet's creation ... How long did the Paleozoic era last? Gondwanaland. What major continent structure existed during the early part of the era? South America, Africa, China, Australia, India, ... What major landform was created at the end of the Paleozoic era. Animal life went from fishes and aquatic life to amphibians and small reptiles. Plants moved onto land.
Jan 23, 2017 · The period, and the Paleozoic era, came to a calamitous close 251 million years ago, marking a biological dividing line that few animals crossed. The Permian extinction—the worst extinction ... . Black taxi 12s release date
The Carboniferous Period lasted from about 359.2 to 299 million years ago* during the late Paleozoic Era. permian Period The Permian is a geologic period and system which spans 46.7 million years from the end of the Carboniferous Period 298.9 million years ago, to the beginning of the Triassic period 251.902 Mya. 3 The Silurian Period and the invasion of the land. 4 Life in the Silurian sea. 4.1 Trilobites. 4.1.1 More on trilobites. 4.2 Crinoids. 4.3 Corals. ... reveals a variety of patterns in fish …This event marks the end of the Paleozoic era and the beginning of the Mesozoic era. ... Lesson 2: Does the Atlantic Ocean Require a Tsunami Warning System?Gondwana: the southern super-continent. At the beginning of the Mesozoic, Gondwana formed the southern part of the single continent Pangaea. When Pangaea split about 200 million years ago, Gondwana began its own isolated journey and gradual break-up into the landmasses we know today – Australia, South America, Africa, India, Madagascar, …It began 485.4 million years ago and ended 443.8 million years ago. The interval was a time of intense diversification (an increase in the number of species) of marine animal life in what became known as …When did the Paleozoic era end? Paleozoic Era, also spelled Palaeozoic, major interval of geologic time that began 541 million years ago with the Cambrian explosion , an extraordinary diversification of marine animals, and ended about 252 million years ago with the end- Permian extinction, the greatest extinction event in Earth history .Precambrian Time. Learn more about the period that occurred 4.5 billion to 542 million years ago. Precambrian time covers the vast bulk of the Earth's history, starting with the planet's creation ... The Paleozoic Era is divided into the Cambrian, Ordovician, Silurian, Devonian, and Carboniferous periods, each with characteristic groups of fossils. The Cambrian Period saw the explosion of new kinds of invertebrate animals in the oceans, including trilobites ( Figure 2 ), primitive kinds of shellfish, including brachiopods and molluscs, and other groups of …What dinosaur lived in the Paleozoic Era? The trilobites were the Paleozoic’s big success story; they could be 5 millimeters- 80 centimeters long (0.2-32 inches). The trilobites were scavengers too and they lived 520-248 million years ago in the Cambrian period to the Permian period.The Mesozoic Era contains three geologic time periods including the Triassic Period (250 mya to approximately 206 mya), Jurassic Period (206 mya to approximately 144 mya), and the Cretaceous Period (144 mya to 65 mya). The Mesozoic Era begins at the end of the Permian Period of the Paleozoic Era.Cenozoic (66 million years ago until today) means ‘recent life.’ During this era, plants and animals look most like those on Earth today. Periods of the Cenozoic Era are split into even smaller parts known as Epochs, so you will see even more signposts in this Era. Cenozoic signposts are colored yellow.The Paleozoic era: The Paleozoic era was the geological era which spanned from 541 million years ago to 252 million years ago. It was during this era that marine animals took to land.The last period of the Paleozoic was the Permian Period, which began 298.9 million years ago and wrapped up 251.9 million years ago.The Ordovician* lasted about 45 million years and saw the transition from very primitive to relatively modern life-forms in the seas. The “Ordovician radiation” which followed the late Cambrian extinctions, lead to a tripling of marine diversity, the greatest increase in the history of life, and giving the highest levels of diversity seen during the …Which biologic event occurred during the Paleozoic era? seedless plants colonized land. True or false: Nearly all living organisms became extinct at the end of the Paleozoic era. true. For what reason might scientists change the most current classification system?It’s easy to get distracted by the abundance and diversity of life that appears and flourishes during the Paleozoic. But life and evolution are influenced by the geologic processes that are always shaping the earth’s environments. The Paleozoic saw periods of intense mountain building, extensive glaciations, widespread shallow seas, and the ...Some geological timescales divide the Paleozoic informally into early and late sub-eras: the Early Paleozoic consisting of the Cambrian, Ordovician and Silurian; the Late Paleozoic consisting of the Devonian, Carboniferous and Permian. [3]The largest Mass extinction in Earth's history occurred at the end of the Paleozoic era. Fossil evidence indicates that 95 percent of marine life forms and 70 percent of all life on land became extinct. By the end of the Paleozoic era evolution had caused complex land and marine animals to exist. … However, the event that marked the end of the Paleozoic period was the massive extinction that wiped out nearly 96% of all marine life and 70% of land animals. Only a few species survived including some reptiles. In what era did the ….